Basic structure of an atom

Introduction

The atom is the building block of the substance; each and every thing is made up of atom. In earlier concept it was thought that atom was indivisible, with the advancement in the technology and after a lot of results and experiments it is now proved that atom can further be divided in to more fundamental particle. Ruther ford on the basis of his experiment of scattering of alpha particle through the gold foil drew following conclusions.

Basic structure of an atom

Most of the part of the atom is hollow, approximately all the mass of the atom is concentrated to a very small region called the nucleus compare to the atom the nucleus is very small, the radius of the atom is of the order of 10^-10 meter while the radius of the nucleus ids of the order of 10^-15 meter, therefore the nucleus is about 10^5th part of the atom.

Protons and the neutrons reside in the nucleus while electrons revolve round the nucleus in the different orbits. Bohr’s gave the idea of the stationary orbit, according to him the electrons move round the nucleus in the stationary orbit, the stationary orbits are those in which the angular momentum of the moving electrons is conserved , so it does not lose its energy, these stationary orbits are called energy levels , and are represented by the capital letters, K,L,M,N etc, according to 

Bohr’s scheme the maximum number of electron that can occupy a hell is given by the formula 2n² , where n is the number of shell, using this formula it is clear that the number of an electron that can be accommodated in 1, 2,3and4 shell is  2,8,18 and 32  respectively,

The shell is further divided in to sub shells and the sub shells are composed of the orbitals , there are different type of orbitals like s,p,d,,f,g etc, according to quantum mechanical model the electrons have dual nature they have both particle as well as the wave nature. They are like stationary waves’ round the atoms, and the orbital s are nothing but wave functions.

There are more fundamental particles which are discovered apart from the neutrons, protons and electrons , these are different types of mesons, neutrino quark etc.the scientific advancement is a continuous process and scientist are in the constant effort to find the ultimate particles called the god particles which are the building block of all kind of matter.